Device and Methods for Increasing the Solubility of Crystals in Water

ABSTRACT

Band-pass filters for guiding or controlling crystal polymorphism in water are provided. Band-pass filters convert a passive energy source to a spectral energy pattern tuned to resonant with different types of molecular oscillations pertinent to water. Tuned energy patterns convert problematic insoluble crystals to more thermodynamically stable and soluble crystals. Methods include use of the band-pass filter in water and design of band-pass filter parameters for optimal use on a particular water source.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The application is a 35 U.S.C. § 371 application of PCT/US2017/044158,filed Jul. 27, 2017, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/367,430, filed Jul. 27,2016, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/511,782, filed May 26,2017, the contents of which are incorporated by reference as if fullydisclosed herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The use of specified energy patterns for guiding crystal structures inwater to their more stable and soluble polymorphs in water.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Obtaining and maintaining drinking water is required for good health. Itis estimated that a little over half the world's population obtainswater through a centralized piped system. Ensuring and maintaining thequality and safety of this piped water is therefore critical to a largeproportion of the world's population. Of particular concern for thepopulation using piped water, is water having some levels of minerals,known as “hard water.”

It is estimated that about 85% of the United States has water or waterissues that relate to hard water. As such, hard water is a persistentproblem for large portions of the population in that the dissolvedminerals in the water can limit water flow in pipes by forming depositson pipe surfaces and faucets, called scale. Scale build-up can alsodamage water heaters, water heater piping, and water-related appliances,like washing machines, where water use and temperature variationsexacerbate the scale problem.

Conventional techniques for confronting hard water include the use ofion exchange technology or reverse osmosis technology. Ion exchangetechnology typically includes the exchange of sodium ions for calciumand magnesium ions off of a resin bead. Resin beads ultimately becomedepleted of sodium and require regeneration by backwashing in a brine,or other like solution. Ion exchange technology can be expensive,results in sodium content in the water, and requires regeneration.Reverse osmosis technology removes minerals in drinking water throughthe use of specialized membranes systems and pressure modification.However, reverse osmosis technology is expensive and not well suited formost dwellings.

In light of this backdrop, the present disclosure has been developed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is an illustrative schematic of a band-pass filter in accordancewith embodiments herein placed on a water transport pipe.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view along line 1-1′ of FIG. 1A showing aband-pass filter snugly fit around a water transport pipe.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of one illustrative method for placing aband-pass filter for use in treating a water source.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of one illustrative method for increasing thework performed by band-pass treated water.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of one illustrative method for increasing thesolubility of crystals in water by treatment with a band-pass filter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various embodiments described herein encompass the use of selective lowfrequency energy, termed spectral energy patterns, to drive or guideless stable crystal forms to more stable crystal forms, or polymorphs,found in water. The use of selective spectral energy patterns stabilizemolecular dispersions, and promote molecular solubility, of numerousconstituents/crystals in water. These more stable crystals provide waterhaving higher crystal solubility and stability. As such, the crystalsare less likely to precipitate out of the water during transport or use.In addition, such treated water typically has a modified interfacialtension due to the changed solubility and stability of the variousconstituents. The modified interfacial tension can be utilized toidentify water with a facilitated utility. For example, spectral energytreated water that results in water with a lowered interfacial tensioncan have increased benefit for use in steam generated power, as thewater has a lower interfacial tension and therefore requires less inputenergy to become steam. Further, water having a lowered interfacialtension may also have a lower freezing temperature, allowing for waterpipes to sustain lower temperatures and only bust at the treated waters'modified freezing temperature.

Embodiments include methods where the spectral energy pattern resultsfrom passive energy being transmitted through a band-pass filter inaccordance with embodiments herein. The transmitted energy through theband-pass filter results in a target spectral energy pattern that guidescrystal polymorphisms of a significant number of constituents in thewater to the more stable and soluble corresponding crystals. Thetransmitted energy is tuned to resonate with different types ofmolecular oscillations pertinent to water. In typical aspects, thetransmitted spectral energy pattern is in the near-infrared,mid-infrared, resonant and/or far-infrared frequency. In some cases, thecrystals in the water to be treater include calcite, and the spectralenergy pattern guides the calcite to its more stable polymorph,aragonite.

In other embodiments, a method for treating a quantity of water with anappropriate energy is disclosed. The appropriate energy is tuned suchthat when it interacts with the quantity of water, the water's crystalconstituents are guided toward greater thermodynamic stability andsolubility. In some cases the water has an overall interfacial tensionthat is modified, and in other cases the overall interfacial tension islowered. In some aspects, the appropriate energy is the result oftransmitted energy through a band pass filter composed of about 85 to 90weight percent aluminum, and about 10 to 15 weight percent of Si, Fe,Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, Sn, or a combination thereof.

Embodiments also include methods where the spectral energy patternresults from a waveform generator. Target spectral energy patterns areidentified for a water source where the generated spectral energypattern guides less stable crystal polymorphs to their more stablecounterparts. As above, these changes in crystal stability andsolubility within the water, can result in water exhibiting modifiedinterfacial tension. Waveform generators are typically specified suchthat the energy patterns are in the near-infrared, mid-infrared,resonant and/or far-infrared frequencies.

Embodiments also include various methods for using the spectral energytreated water for targeted utilities, i.e., water with increased crystalsolubility as piped water, water with increased crystal solubility aswater that enters a water heater, water with increased crystalsolubility as water that enters water treatment plants, water withincreased crystal solubility as water that enters water-relatedappliances, like washing machines, water having lowered interfacialtension for use in steam-powered power plants due to the waters reducedboiling point, and other like utilities.

Still other embodiments include water pipes having band-pass filterembodiments attached thereto or integrated therein, water heaters havingband-pass filters attached to input water pipes or integrated therein,dwellings having one or more band-pass filters positioned on one or morewater pipes or integrated therein, power generating facilities havingone or more integrated band-pass filters, and other like aspects.

Other embodiments include waveform generators capable of deliveringappropriate spectral energy patterns to water sources, water pipes,water heaters, power generating facilities and the like. In someembodiments, water pipes can have one or more band-pass filters attachedthereto or integrated therein along one portion of the piping, and oneor more waveform generators along a different portion of the piping.

Finally, embodiments include designing energy landscapes through the useof a band-pass filters or waveform generators so as to produce spectralenergy patterns for conversion of one target crystal to another morestable and/or soluble target crystal. Design requirements identifyspectral energy patters for conversion of the one crystal polymorph tothe more stable crystal polymorph in water. In some embodiments,molecular dynamic simulations are performed to identify the naturalvibrational frequencies of target crystals or aggregates (nanoaggregatesand nanocrystals), such that the band-pass filters or waveformgenerators are tuned to replicate the molecular dynamic simulationsnecessary to convert a less stable polymorph to a more stable crystalpolymorph.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments herein include the use of targeted low frequency energy toselectively guide less stable and/or less soluble crystals found inwater, to their more stable and/or soluble corresponding crystals foundin water. The low frequency energy interacts with crystals found inwater to increase the crystals thermodynamic stability in the water. Forexample, the low frequency energy interacts with calcite crystals inwater to form aragonite crystals in water. For purposes herein, waterrefers to any source of water in need of crystal stability and/orsolubility, for example, drinking water (soft or hard), waste water,water treatment water, industrial water, sea water, agricultural water,and the like.

In aspects described herein, low frequency energy is tuned such that itinteracts with crystals found in the water to make the crystals morethermodynamically stable and, therefore, more soluble. The treated watercrystals are less likely to precipitate out of the water. This isparticularly relevant when the water has been heated or put underpressure, conditions that would normally favor precipitation, oncetreated, no longer favor precipitation. The low frequency energy canresult from a waveform generator, or from transmission of energy througha band-pass filter, as will be discussed in greater detail throughoutthis disclosure.

Embodiments herein include band-pass filters that selectively transmitspectral energy patterns from a passive energy source. In one aspect,the transmitted spectral energy patterns are used to drive or guide lessstable crystal forms to more stable crystal forms, or polymorphisms,found in water. By doing so, band-pass filters stabilize moleculardispersions, and promote molecular solubility, of numerous constituentsin water. In addition, band-pass filters result in the water having amodified interfacial tension, which can be increased, decreased, orremain the same, dependent on the constituents found in the particularstarting water source. Embodiments herein also include manufacturingmethods for preparing these same band-pass filters.

In various embodiments, the appropriate spectral energy pattern isprovided by a waveform generator and directly input into the watersupply or source. The resultant spectral energy pattern is used to guideless stable crystal forms to more stable crystal forms found in water,and generally acts in the same matter as energy transmitted through aband-pass filter. In general, more stable crystal forms have anincreased water solubility as compared to less stable crystal forms.

Embodiments include the use of one or more band-pass filters or waveformgenerators in water wells, water production facilities, wastewatertreatment plants, water storage facilities, power plants, irrigationwater lines, household water lines, water heaters, water-based orrelated appliances, and other like water piping, storage or usesituations.

As such, aspects herein include methods of using the spectral energytreated water for particular utilities. For example, energy treatedwater is less likely to form scale, is more likely to deliver solutes insolution, can be more energy efficient where interfacial tension hasbeen reduced, and the like. In addition, methods can include loweringscale build-up on water transport pipes, increasing the solubility ofcrystals in water, and using treated water as a solvent in varioususeful environments, e.g., agricultural, industrial, cleaning, and thelike. In addition, spectral energy treated water can also be used tomore efficiently perform work (where interfacial tension decreases),where the work is based on the treated water being heated to steam moreefficiently.

Finally, embodiments include designing energy landscapes through the useof a band-pass filter so as to transmit specific spectral energypatterns for conversion of one target crystal structure to anothertarget crystal structure. Design requirements identify useful spectralenergy patterns for conversion of one crystal polymorph to a more stablecrystal polymorph in water, where the band-pass filter is then designedto transmit the resultant pattern. In alternative embodiments, moleculardynamic simulations are performed to identify the natural vibrationalfrequencies of target crystals or aggregates (nanoaggregates andnanocrystals), such that band-pass filters can be tuned to replicate themolecular dynamic simulation necessary to convert a less stable crystalpolymorph to a more stable crystal polymorph.

For purposes herein, reference to interfacial tension includes thesurface tension of water, such that, a change in interfacial tensionincludes a change in the corresponding surface tension of the water.

Passive Energy Sources and Spectral Energy Patterns

Some embodiments herein require an external, passive energy source.External energy sources herein include all forms of passiveelectromagnetic radiation, including: radiant or light energy, thermalenergy, electric energy, nuclear energy, and the like. In typicalembodiments, the energy source provides electromagnetic energy to theband-pass filter embodiments described herein, where the electromagneticenergy is modified by molecular oscillations within the band-pass filterto a target spectral energy pattern. The transmitted spectral energy outof the band-pass filter converts one crystal form to another, typicallymore stable, crystal form. Note that multiple crystalline structures areobtainable in similar solvent systems. This aspect of converting onecrystalline form to another crystalline form (but having the samechemical structure) is known herein as polymorphisms.

It is also noted that direct spectral energy patterns can be exposed tothe water in the absence of a band-pass filter. Where the appropriatetarget spectral energy pattern has been identified for uses herein, theenergy pattern can be directed into the water, without being passedthrough the band-pass filter, using a waveform generator.

A transmitted spectral energy pattern refers to the totality of energythat transmits from the band-pass filter (or is generated by thewaveform generator). Band-pass filters are formed such that the materialin the band-pass filter interacts with the passive external energy tooscillate and, once oscillating, transmit a different, more useful tothe water, spectral energy pattern. In some embodiments, the transmittedpattern is in resonance with the different types of molecularoscillation found in water. Transmitted energy patterns can includevarious low frequency energy, including near-infrared, mid-infrared andfar-infrared.

In more detail, band-pass filters are characterized such that whenexposed to a passive external energy source, the molecules that make upthe band-pass filter oscillate, tuning the filter to be in resonancewith the different types of molecular oscillations pertinent to water.Although not bound by any one theory, the input passive energy sourceand the output spectral energy pattern are tied to the frequency of theenergy. A factor in how the resultant spectral energy resonates with thecrystals in water is based on the frequency of the energy. If thefrequency of the transmitted spectral energy pattern, for example afterit travels through a pipe wall, does not match the oscillations of thecrystals in the water, the energy may be reflected or simply passthrough the water. Where a transmitted spectral energy pattern can bematched to a target crystal, and the energy resonates, the energy iscapable of interacting and converting the crystal structure to a morethermodynamically stable crystal structure. In some embodiments, thetransmitted energy causes a thermodynamic rearrangement of hydrogenbonds to form more thermodynamically stable crystals and crystalaggregates. For purposes herein, crystals refer to single crystals,crystal aggregates, nanoaggregates, crystal groups and the like.

In some embodiments, metallic materials can intervene between aband-pass filter and the water, and in some cases, further modify thespectral energy pattern. For example, passive external energy passesthrough a band-pass filter and is transmitted as a first spectral energypattern. The first spectral energy pattern then passed through ametallic material, for example the wall of a copper or steel pipe, priorto interacting with the crystals in the water. In typical embodiments,the intervening metallic material has little, or only a small effect, onthe transmitted spectral energy pattern. Further, in some embodiments,the intervening material has no effect on the transmitted spectralenergy pattern. Device, method and design embodiments herein can includethe intervening metallic material. Intervening metallic materialsinclude: copper, iron, tin, steel, aluminum, and the like, and can havea wall thickness appropriate for the water pressure, water temperatureand water volume. It is contemplated that intervening materials thatadsorb or block significant amounts of energy be avoided for usesherein, for example, PVC or other polymer based materials. So forexample, a PVC pipe would be avoided for placement of a band-passfilter, as the PVC would block most, if not all, of the transmittedspectral energy from reaching the water. In alternative embodiments, nomaterials intervene between the band-pass filter and the water. Theband-pass filter is integrated into a pipe and is continuous with thepipe, forming the conduit for the water to transport there-through.

Band-Pass Filters

Band-pass filters are typically composed of aluminum-based alloys.Typical filters are composed of about 80-95% Al (by weight) and about5-20% of a combination of one or more of Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn,Ti, Pb, and Sn (by weight). More typically, band-pass filters can alsobe about 90-95% Al, by weight, and about 5-10% of one or more of Si, Fe,Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, and Sn (by weight), and in alternativeembodiments, about 90-95% Al, by weight, and about 5-10% of one or moreof Si, Cu, Mn, and Mg, by weight. In one aspect, a band-pass filter iscomposed of the compositions as shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Illustrative Band-Pass Filter Compositions Element MinimumMaximum Illustrative (by weight) (by weight) (by weight) Embodiment Al84.15%  91.1% 87.67%  Si 7.5% 8.80% 7.61% Fe 0  0.8% 0.59% Cu 1.0%  2.0%1.48% Mn 0.2%  0.6% 0.32% Mg 0.2%  0.6% 0.46% Cr 0 0.35% 0.04% Ni 00.25% 0.14% Zn 0 1.75% 1.61% Ti 0 0.25% 0 Pb 0  0.1% 0.06% Sn 0 0.25%0.02%

In an alternative embodiment, a band-pass filter comprises an alloyhaving the following formula (in weight percent):Al_(d)(M_(a)X_(b)Z_(c)), where M is at least one transition metal; X isat least one element selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca,Sr, Ba, Ra, or a combination thereof, and Z is at least one non-metal,and where a, b, and c are from 5 to 20 weight percent and d is fromabout 80 to 95 weight percent.

Elements that constitute the band-pass filter alloy are combined by theweight percent above and heated to a temperature of between about 1320°K and about 1450° K. In more detail, the aluminum is added to a coldfurnace with other required elements, and allowed to heat to theappropriate temperature over a 2.5 to 3 hour period. Each additionalheating (making another band-pass filter in the same furnace), once thefurnace has been heated, takes approximately 1.5-2 hours. A meltingfurnace can be a 2 million BTU burner that can use natural gas and aircombination flame. Other melting furnaces can also be used, as long asthey're capable of reaching the appropriate temperature in theappropriate amount of time.

Heated alloy is poured into a band-pass filter mold and allowed to coolat room temperature. Typical cooling takes between 20-45 minutes. Once aband-pass filter part is solidified in a mold, it is removed or shakenout.

In one embodiment, the band-pass filter is molded to form a part thatfits snugly around a pipe used for water transport, for example,pipeline used to transport water from point A to point B. Band-passfilter parts can be one integrated piece, or formed of two or more,three or more, or any number of pieces to form the band-pass filter.Typical band-pass filters can have different sizes and shapes tofacilitate transmission of the target spectral energy pattern. Forexample, band-pass filters can be from 2⅜″ diameter to 3½″ diameter, and40-50 inches in length, and more typically 45 inches in length.Band-pass filters also tend to weigh between 31-65 lbs. Severalillustrative embodiments are described below, although any size anddimension is envisioned as long as the band-pass filter is capable oftransmitting the appropriate spectral energy pattern from an externalenergy source into the water source:

60.33 mm-2⅜″ Diameter Unrestricted Tubing ID OD Length weight GradeTotal Weight 50.64 mm 88.9 mm 1.152 m 6.99 kg/m J-55  14.5 kg 1.995″3.5″ 45″  4.7 lb/ft EUE 31.92 lb

73 mm-2⅞″ Diameter Unrestricted Tubing ID OD Length weight Grade TotalWeight 61.98 mm 108 mm 1.152 m 9.67 kg/m J-55 20.86 kg 2.441″ 4.25″ 45″6.50 lb/ft EUE 45.89 lb

88.9 mm-3½″ Diameter Unrestricted Tubing ID OD Length weight Grade TotalWeight 76 mm 127 mm 1.152 m 13.84 kg/m J-55 29.54 kg 2.99″ 5.25″ 45″ 9.3 lb/ft EUE   65 lbAlternative embodiments include different sized band-pass filters asshown below.

Illustrative Part 1 Casing Weight OD ID Casing Clearance kg/m lb/ft mmin mm in mm in mm in 14.1 9.5 104 4.09 88.9 3.5 50.64 1.99 15 0.59 15.610.5 103 4.05 88.9 3.5 50.64 1.99 14 0.55

Illustrative Part 2 20.8 14 127 5.01 107.95 4.25 61.98 2.44 19.35 0.7623.1 15.5 126 4.95 107.95 4.25 61.98 2.44 17.78 0.7

Illustrative Part 3 29.8 20 164 6.456 133.35 5.25 76 2.99 27.43 1.0873.7 49.5 141 5.54 133.35 5.25 76 2.99 7.37 0.29

Band-pass filters can also be sized to be dropped or fixed into a watersource and not be fitted around the pipes used to transport the water.The band-pass filter can include one or more passages for the water tomove through, and can be deployed as a sieve or filter that allows forenergy transmission into the water.

In one embodiment, band-pass filters as described herein achieve optimumresults when molded into a form that surrounds the water. Passive energyis input through the band-pass filter and transmitted and focused towardthe water constrained, and moving through, the band-pass filter. Asdiscussed previously, a metallic material can intervene between theband-pass filter and water, for example, a steel pipe used to constrainand carry the water from a city based water system into a home or acopper input pipe for a water heater.

FIG. 1A shows a band-pass filter 100 in accordance with embodimentsherein placed around a water pipe 102 used to transport water 104 from awater source 105 into a home 106. In this illustrative embodiment, theband pass filter 100 is placed on the input pipe into the house. Theband-pass filter 100 is fitted around the pipe 102. Passive energy,arrows 112, supplied by sunlight is transmitted through the band-passfilter 100, where a resultant spectral energy pattern from the band-passfilter passes through the pipe 102 and into the water 104.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view along line 1-1′ of FIG. 1A. Thecross-sectional view shows passive energy, arrow 112, move through theband-pass filter 100 and pipeline 102 to reach the water 104. Thepassive energy 112 is transmitter through the band-pass filter to have adifferent energy pattern 114 useful in converting unstable crystalpolymorphs in the water 104 to stable crystal polymorphs, and, in somecases, decreasing the interfacial tension in the water 104,particularly, the interfacial tension between crystals in the water andwater molecules that make up the water.

Crystal Polymorphism

Crystal forms or polymorphism herein refers to a chemical composition orarrangement of molecules and/or macromolecules, which are capable of atleast two different crystalline structures or arrangements. For example,one crystal polymorph may have one crystal arrangement more stable thananother crystal arrangement in a particular solvent. In this use,stability refers to thermodynamic stability, or a crystal arrangementthat is more thermodynamically stable than another crystal arrangementin water. As such, thermodynamic stability herein generally refers tothe molecular solubility of a crystal in a liquid, for example, anunstable crystal will tend to be insoluble and precipitate and deposit,whereas a stable crystal will tend to remain soluble and notprecipitate, or precipitate to a significantly lower amount, than its'corresponding unstable polymorph. For purposes herein, crystals canrefer to and include nanoaggregates and nanocrystallites.

Band-pass filters are typically positioned to transmit energy to water,where the particular energy pattern resonates crystal structures thereinto modify the crystal structures for a particular use. In one aspect,the crystal structure in water in need of treatment is insoluble,substantially insoluble, mostly insoluble, somewhat insoluble, or onlyslightly insoluble. In another aspect, the crystal polymorphism forcalcite is driven to crystal forms that are stable and remain in waterrather than precipitate out of the water, aragonite, for example. Inanother embodiment, a waveform generator can be programed to transmitthe appropriate spectral energy pattern directly into the water for thesame purpose.

Crystals in water that can be targeted through spectral energy generallyinclude calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,magnesium hydroxide, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calciumnitrate, magnesium nitrate, and the like.

In another aspect, two or more band-pass filters can be combined alongthe same water line to provide more than one spectral energy pattern,such that two different types of resonance with different molecularoscillations pertinent to a water of interest are treated. So, forexample, a first band-pass filter can be tuned to form a more stablearagonite crystal aggregate, and a second band-pass filter, along thesame liquid, is tuned to form a more stable sulfur crystal aggregate.

Band-pass filters having the same, or different, transmitted spectralenergy pattern can be positioned adjacent one another along a pipe, orcan be separated by 1 or more feet, 10 or more feet, 50 or more feet, 75or more feet, 100 or more feet, 500 or more feet, and/or 1,000 or morefeet, 2,000 or more feet of pipeline or water supply.

Band-pass filters herein can be used to form water having greatercrystal solubility and stability. Band-pass filters on water transportpipe lines limit or lower the amount of crystal precipitation out of thewater as compared to untreated water. The treated water is thereforeless likely to result in scale build-up, particularly where the waterhas been heated, or is under pressure, and the likelihood of scaleformation is increased.

Interfacial Tension

Interfacial (which includes surface) tension in water is based oninteractions between the water molecules and crystals found in thewater, for a given temperature and pressure. Treatment of water withappropriate spectral energy can result in the water having a modifiedinterfacial tension as compared to the same water when left untreated.Since the treated water has a modified interfacial tension, it mayrequire less input energy to reach a boil. For example, where thetreated water has more thermodynamically stabilized crystals, the watermay show a decrease in interfacial tension. When that water is heated itcomes to a boil or evaporates more quickly than the same water that hasnot been treated with target spectral energy. The water may now be usedto perform work more efficiently than water that goes untreated,particularly when the water is used in power generating facilities andwater heaters, i.e., where the water is turned to steam and the steamused to generate electricity.

Methods of Use

Embodiments herein include methods that use water that has been treatedwith an appropriate spectral energy. Once treated, the water has agreater crystal solubility and stability, as compared to untreatedwater. In addition, because of the changed interactions within thetreated water, the treated water often has a modified interfacialtension. Such water has a greater capacity to deliver soluble crystals,for example, as a solvent used in agriculture, a greater capacity to dowork where the interfacial tension has been decreased, as drinkingwater, that results in less damage and required maintenance on pipelinetransport, and the like. Treated water, therefore, has a significantbenefit to a number of utilities in a number of industries.

Embodiments herein also include methods for using a band-pass filter, inaccordance with embodiments herein, to convert one crystal polymorphfound in water to another, more stable, crystal polymorph. Embodimentsalso include methods that convert more than one crystal polymorph inwater to more than one stable crystal polymorphs in water. For example,methods include converting a crystal x, crystal y, and crystal z to morestable polymorphs of crystal x, crystal y and crystal z, all in the samewater. Where more than one transmitted spectral energy pattern isrequired to convert more than one crystal polymorph, additionalband-pass filters can be added. Band-pass filters can be used to convert2 or more types of crystals, 3 or more types of crystals, 4 or moretypes of crystals, 5 or more types of crystals, and the like, into theirmore stable polymorph in the same water.

FIG. 2 illustrates one method for using a band-pass filter in accordancewith embodiments herein 200. Initially, a water source and hence a waterpipe or line in need of embodiments herein is identified 202. In somecases, the water line is already in use in a house or facility.Typically, water lines in use and in need of one or more band-passfilters, include lines used to transport hard water. In some waterlines, the line already has some scale deposition, on pipes, waterheaters, faucets, showers, and the like. In other cases, the pipeline isnew and in need of preventative treatment to limit or eliminate scalebuildup. In some cases, the water line is in a house or building, withina water treatment plant, on an pipeline going into or within a waterheater or water-based appliance, in an irrigation line, and the like. Itis also envisioned that the water line no longer be operational due toexisting occlusion in the pipe, or, alternatively, be a new water linein a geographic location where hard water is known to exist. Where thewater line has existing deposition problems, band-pass filters of thepresent invention increase productivity by both limiting deposition, butalso by causing break-down and removal of deposited materials.

Once the target water line has been identified, an appropriate band-passfilter, having a useful transmitted spectral energy pattern for theparticular water, is obtained. In one embodiment, the band-pass filterhas the composition, size and weight to transmit a spectral energypattern useful in converting calcite to aragonite. In some aspects, theband-pass filter is paired to the thickness and composition of the waterpipeline, to ensure that the resultant spectral energy pattern is usefulafter transmission through the pipeline to the water. Band-pass filtercomposition, length, thickness can all be formatted to obtain the properfilter with the proper spectral energy transmission patterns.

A properly obtained band-pass filter is then installed within or aroundthe water line. Typically, the site of filter installation requires apassive external energy, for example, installation in sunlight or near asource of thermal energy. Alternatively, the band-pass filter maytransmit energy generated by the frictional movement of the wateritself. Typical passive external energy requirements are minimal, as thetransmitted energy from the band-pass filter is typically in thenear-infrared frequency, mid-infrared frequency, resonant frequency,far-infrared frequency, or combinations thereof. These tend to be thespectral energy patterns that resonate with the structure of water andthe ions and crystals in the water.

In one embodiment, thermal energy is provided to the band-pass filterand is transmitted out of the band-pass filter as low energy, longwavelength electromagnetic field(s), including near-infrared frequency,mid-infrared frequency, resonant frequency, far-infrared frequency, orcombinations thereof. The low energy, long wavelength electromagneticfield is the spectral energy pattern for the band-pass filter, and thetransmitted energy resonates with very low frequency librational motionsof the water 206. The result is that calcite, for example, and othercrystals, convert from a first crystal polymorphic structure to asecond, more thermodynamically stable, crystal polymorphic structure208. In the case of calcite, the conversion would be to aragonite.Band-pass filter placement within or around a water line is determinedwhere, as mentioned above, there is a sufficient energy source, but alsowhere converted crystal polymorphs, once converted by the filter, willgenerally maintain proper structure to be utilized by the water user. Assuch, proper placement of a band-pass filter is typically in accessibleareas, and can be at an exposed spot for direct sunlight or heat. Inaddition, band-pass filters can be molded around the water line orpositioned as two, three, four or more pieces around the water line. Itis also noted that band-pass filters herein can be in direct contactwith the water and replace, or act as, the water line. In theseembodiments, the band-pass filter is positioned and integrated in thewater line such that the water flows through the water line, then intoand through the band-pass filter and then back into a water line.

Properly installed band-pass filters can improve a number of watercharacteristics, including water flow, in a typical water pipeline,water flow is improved by at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%,40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 85%, 100%, etc.Water flow is determined by increased flow over the course of each day,each week and/or each month.

Properly installed band-pass filters can improve the watercharacteristic of decreased scale deposition. Decreased scale depositioncan be a result of decreased calcite deposition, or removal of existingscale on pipeline or equipment (a water heater or washing machine forexample). One benefit of the properly installed band-pass filter is theavoidance of pipeline and equipment maintenance, including keeping waterpipes on-line for extended periods of time, as compared to similarfacilities that do not have an installed band-pass filter.

In another embodiment, a method for lowing the interfacial tension of awater supply or source is disclosed 300. Water supplies or sourceshaving one or more crystals are targeted with an appropriate spectralenergy pattern 302. The spectral energy is input into the water andresults in the interaction between the one or more crystals with thewater to have a modified interfacial tension in the absence of theenergy input 304. In one aspect, the appropriate spectral energy patternresults from passive energy transmitting through a band-pass filter inaccordance with the embodiments herein, and the interfacial tension inthe water is reduced by at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, at least4%, at least 5%, at least 6%, at least 7%, at least 8%, at least 9%, atleast 10%, or at least 15%.

Water supplies or sources having reduced interfacial tension haveincreased crystal solubility as compared to the same water supplies orsources that have not been treated 306. Water with decreased interfacialtension has improved utility for a number of uses, including, a lowerrequirement for energy input to the water to form steam 308. Water thatrequires less energy to form steam can be useful, particularly withrelation to electricity generation.

Water treated with an appropriate spectral energy pattern (directly orvia transmission through a band-pass filter) requires less energy tobring to a boil (due to the decrease in interfacial/surface tension).The reduced requirement for energy to heat the treated water can berealized where heated water performs work: power plants, desalinationplants, boiler water treatment, steam heating in a dwelling, and otherenergy dependent uses. In some aspects, spectral energy treated water,as compared to the same untreated water, requires approximately 99% to100% of the time and/or energy to boil, approximately 98% to 99% of thetime and/or energy to boil, approximately 97% to 98% of the time and/orenergy to boil, 96% to 97% of the time and/or energy to boil, 95% to 96%of the time and/or energy to boil, 94% to 95% of the time and/or energyto boil, 93% to 94% of the time and/or energy to boil, 92% to 93% of thetime and/or energy to boil, 91% to 92% of the time and/or energy toboil, or 90% to 91% of the time and/or energy to boil. So for example,in a steam-generated power station, the water can be treated with anappropriate spectral energy pattern, for example, through transmissionthrough a band-pass filter, and then heated to generate steam. The steamthen spins a steam turbine which drives an electric generator. Areduction in the amount of energy required to heat the water wouldincrease the efficiency of the power station and save significantresources. One or more band-pass filters or waveform generators could beinstalled at such a power station. The same aspects favor the use ofband-pass filters or waveform generators in water heaters andwater-based appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, car-washes . . .), where a decrease in the amount of energy needed to heat the waterresults in significant resource savings.

In another embodiment herein, water treated with appropriate spectralenergy is typically a better solvent, and more effective at solvating abroader range of crystals or molecules. Thus, changing properties oftreated water including interfacial tension, surface tensions, freezingpoint, and boiling point. In one embodiment, and as shown in FIG. 4,water and added solute used for a particular task can be treated with anappropriate spectral energy pattern in order to increase the solubilityof the solute in the water 400. As above, the spectral energy patterncan be transmitted through a band-pass filter or an appropriatelyconfigured waveform generator. In typical embodiments, the spectralenergy allows for a use of lower amounts of solute, due to its increasedsolubility after spectral energy treatment, in the water, or for theelimination of chemical solubilizers, as the case may be. In oneembodiment, water having a first amount of solute for a first use isevaluated for how much solute would be required if treated by anappropriate spectral energy pattern 402. The change in the solutessolubility can be calculated and the lower amount of solute mixed withthe water prior to treatment with spectral energy.

The water and added solute is treated using a band-pass filter orwaveform generator in accordance with embodiments herein 404. Thetreated water-solute can now be used for its intended purpose, havingrequired either lower amounts of solute to achieve the necessary solutesolubility or eliminated chemical solubilizers used to conventionallybring the solute into solution 406. In one example, the solute is afertilizer for application to crops.

In another embodiment, water and added solute used for a particular taskcan be treated with an appropriate spectral energy pattern in order toeliminate the need for heating the water to increase solute solubility.In this embodiment, the same amount of solute is added to the water fora particular use (as would be used in an untreated water-solutemixture), but any heating required to put the solute in solution iseliminated by treatment with the appropriate spectral energy pattern.The treated water-solute mixture would be a benefit in that largeamounts of energy can be saved, while obtaining the same water-solutemix.

Design of Band Pass Filters for a Particular Use

Embodiments herein include methods of identifying and designing theproper band-pass filter for a targeted use. For example, identifying anddesigning a band-pass filter that transmits a specific spectral energypattern useful for optimizing water flow in pipe lines or water fortargeted uses.

Band-pass filters can be designed to transmit specific ranges ofspectral energy so as to provide targeted spectral energy patternsuseful in converting one or more crystal polymorphs into one or moredifferent, and thermodynamically more stable, crystal polymorphs. Insome embodiments the converted one or more crystal polymorphs are alsomore soluble, than their non-converted counterparts.

In one embodiment, a target water source or line is identified, thewater source or pipe in need of the embodiments described herein. Awater sample is obtained from the source to identify one or more of thecrystal polymorphs therein. A first minima energy level is determinedfor a first crystal, calcite for example. A second minima energy levelis determined for the first crystal, where the second minima isassociated with a more thermodynamically stable crystal polymorph (ascompared to the first), aragonite for example. A spectral energypattern, for conversion of a first crystal pattern to a second crystalpattern, is now available.

Band-pass filter composition, length, thickness, weight, and manufactureare used to prepare target band-pass filters of the invention.Modification of each of the components can have an effect on theresultant pattern of the transmitted spectral energy.

In another embodiment, and for purposes herein, minima of energy may bedetermined and/or identified via a combination of experiments and/orcomputational modeling. Computational models can be based on moleculardynamics simulation, for example, see Introduction to Molecular DynamicsSimulation by Michael Allen, NIC Series, Vol. 23, ISBN 3-00-012641, pp1-28, 2004 (incorporated by reference for all purposes). Computationalmodeling can be used to provide the spectral energy pattern required totune, and be in resonance, with the different types of molecularoscillations pertinent to a fluid of interest, hard water from a sourceX, for example.

Band-pass filters can be used to tune and replicate the energy patternrequired to convert the first crystal pattern to the second crystalpattern. Band-pass filters can be tuned by modifying the composition ofthe filter, modifying the total weight of material present in thefilter, modifying the length of the filter in contact with the water,modifying the thickness of the filter material in contact with thewater, modifying the intervening metal between the band-pass filter andthe water, and the like. Tuning is also modified by the type and extentof the external energy. Each of the above parameters is taken intoaccount when designing the proper band-pass filter for any given use.

Embodiments also include design of multiple band-pass filters (or oneband-pass filter with different portions) that transmit different energypatterns required to convert two or more first crystal polymorphs to twoor more second (more stable) crystal polymorphs.

In one embodiment, a sample from a target liquid source is obtained andtested using Hard X-ray experiments, for example tested using the HardX-ray device at the Department of Energy Laboratories at Argonne. Thetested sample will provide a measure of the various crystal polymorphspresent in the target liquid source. In an illustrative X-ray powderdiffraction pattern for CaCO₃ in water, the X-ray diffraction shows thepresence of aragonite, calcite and vaterite. In some embodiments,quantitative phase analysis is further used to identify the relativequantities of each crystal present in the target liquid source.

It is also envisioned that hard X-rays and Pair Distribution FunctionAnalysis can be combined on the sample to provide additional informationregarding crystal polymorphs. Using this combined procedure, uniquefingerprint data on a crystal polymorph pair can be obtained, which isthen used to determine the polymorph's distribution within the liquidsource.

It is also envisioned that embodiments can include the use of flowsimulator testing on samples, including the use of the F5 TechnologyFlow Simulator, particle sizer data, zeta-potential data, highresolution scanning electron microscopy data and the like. Using thesedata points, a target source liquid can be fully resolved to identifyall possible crystal polymorphs in need of conversion using theband-pass filter embodiments described herein.

Using the crystal polymorph data as a before treatment indicator, thesample, having identified and quantified crystal polymorphs, can betested using input spectral energy patterns (frequencies) to identify anoptimized energy pattern for obtaining thermodynamically stable crystalpolymorphs. In this embodiment, a series of energy patterns are inputinto the liquid, and samples obtained. The treated liquid samples wouldthen be re-tested using the same techniques as above, and compared tothe before treatment sample. After a series of systematic tests, anoptimal spectral energy pattern will be identified for the conversion ofa first crystal polymorph to a more stable second crystal polymorph. Theidentified spectral energy pattern can then be matched to acorresponding band-pass filter known to exhibit the same or similarspectral energy pattern. In some embodiments, the testing and treatmentof two or more crystal polymorphs, three or more crystal polymorphs, andthe like, can be performed.

In alternative embodiments, the before treatment water data is comparedto samples from the same water source after treatment by a passiveexternal energy passing through a band-pass filter. Band-pass filterparameters would be modified to provide a series of filters that exhibitdifferent transmitted frequencies/spectral energy patterns. As above,results are compared so as to identify the optimal band-pass filter fora particular water source by comparing the ratio of a first crystalpolymorph to a more thermodynamically stable version of the firstcrystal polymorph. As above, multiple crystal polymorphs may beidentified and treated in the same water source.

In another embodiment, Molecular Dynamic Simulations can be used topredict the natural vibrational frequencies of monomer units andaggregates identified by Hard X-ray experiments, or where available,known crystal units for a water source. Using Molecular DynamicSimulations, the frequencies or spectral energy patterns required totune a band-pass filter to a particular fluid source can be identified.For example, using Molecular Dynamic Simulations to identify thefrequency required to convert asphaltene dimers to a more stableasphaltene nanoaggregate, where the source liquid has asphaltene concern(either through post identification of precipitation or identificationby hard X-ray experiments (and the like)).

It is also envisioned that the same type of experimental procedures canbe used to reduce a water's interfacial tension or surface tension. Asan illustrative embodiment, water can be treated using various spectralenergy patterns to identify the best pattern for reducing the energyrequirements for heating the water to a boil. Other interfacial orsurface tension testing techniques can be utilized.

Embodiments herein will now be further described with reference to thefollowing non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Band-Pass Filter Treated Water Shows EnhancedEvaporation Compared to Untreated Water

Two identical flasks of water were prepared, each flask containing 500 gof water at ambient temperature. One of the flasks of water was brieflyexposed to, and surrounded by, a band-pass filter in accordance withembodiments herein (see Table 1). Each of the two flasks was then heatedon an identical heating plate (Toastmaster 750 W Electric Heat Plate)for 45 minutes. Heating plates were positioned on high.

After 45 minutes, water that remained in the flask was weighed todetermine the weight of evaporated water from each flask. The experimentwas performed three times and weights averaged.

Results indicate that untreated water had 136.8 g evaporated afterheating, and 150.8 g of water evaporated for the band-pass filtertreated water. The water treated with the band-pass filter showed a 10%increase in evaporation as compared to the untreated water. Based onthat number, it can be calculated that band-pass filter treated watertakes an average of 6.8% less time to reach the same temperature.

Based on this testing, the band-pass filter saved 10% energy to generatethe same amount of steam or evaporated water as the untreated water. Insimilar testing, observations have been made on industrial boilers thatalso show a reduction in time to evaporate, where the water waspre-treated with a band-pass filter. The water in the boiler also showeda significant reduction in scale build-up where the water waspre-treated with a band-pass filter in accordance to embodiments herein.

Example 2: Band-Pass Filter Treated Water Shows Prevention andRemediation of Scale

A band-pass filter in accordance with embodiments herein (see Table 1)was placed on the water input for a house. The band-pass filter wasattached to the pipe and was exposed to an external energy source(sunlight). Water was sampled before and after band-pass filterattachment. The water prior to band-pass filter attachment showedcalcite crystallites of CaCO₃. The same water supply, after band-passfilter attachment, showed that most if not all of the calcitecrystallites had been converted to aragonite crystallites of CaCO₃.

In a similar manner, water was tested for barium sulfate crystals formedin water pre- and post- treatment with a band-pass filter in accordancewith embodiments herein. Water samples prior to band-pass filtertreatment show the presence of significant amounts of barium sulfatecrystals, whereas, band-pass filter treatment resulted in conversion ofbarium sulfate crystals to barium sulfate crystals in an alternativepolymorphism. The Example shows the benefit of converting lessthermodynamically stable crystals to more thermodynamically stablecrystals, with the overall potential to reduce scale build-up on thehouse water pipes.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: transmitting a passiveenergy through a band pass filter to obtain at least one spectral energypattern; and targeting water with the at least one spectral energypattern, wherein: the water includes at least one crystal; and whereinthe spectral energy pattern results in the at least one crystal in thewater to have a greater solubility in the water, as compared to the sameat least one crystal not targeted by the at least one spectral energypattern.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the at least one spectralenergy pattern comprises at least one frequency selected from anear-infrared frequency, a mid-infrared frequency, a resonant frequency,a far-infrared frequency, and a combination thereof.
 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein: the at least one crystal in the water after targetingwith the spectral energy pattern is aragonite.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein: the at least one spectral energy pattern is composed of afar-infrared frequency.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein: the waterfurther comprises at least one non-polar solvent; wherein: the at leastone spectral energy pattern lowers the interfacial tension between thenon-polar solvent and water.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein: thewater is located in an input pipe to a dwelling.
 7. The method of claim3, wherein: the water further comprises at least one polar solvent;wherein: the at least one polar solvent is different from water.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the band pass filter comprises: an alloyhaving the following formula:Al(MXZ)c wherein: Al is aluminum at a weight percent of from about 85 wt% to 90 wt %; M is at least one transition metal; X is at least oneelement selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra ora combination thereof; and Z is at least one non-metal; further whereinc is about 10 to 15 wt %.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein: thetransition metal is selected from Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti,Pb, or Sn.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein: the band-pass filter hasa total weight of from 30 to 60 pounds.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein: the passive energy is predominately from sunlight.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein: the water is water entering a water heater.13. A method, comprising: identifying a first minima energy level of afirst crystal form of an element, compound or a combination thereof in asolvent; identifying a second minima energy level of a second crystalform of the element, compound or combination thereof in the solvent; anddetermining at least one spectral energy pattern required to convert thefirst crystal form to the second crystal form, wherein the secondcrystal form is thermodynamically more stable in the system compared tothe first crystal form.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein: the atleast one spectral energy pattern has no effect on the kinetic stabilityof the first crystal form or the second crystal form.
 15. A method,comprising: treating a quantity of water with a spectral energy,wherein: the spectral energy is tuned in the quantity of water suchthat, the water has a lower interfacial tension.
 16. The method of claim15, wherein: the tuned spectral energy results from passage of infraredenergy through a band pass filter, wherein the band-pass filter iscomposed of 85 to 90 weight percent aluminum, and 10 to 15 weightpercent of one or more of Si, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Ti, Pb, andSn.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein: the water further comprisescalcite and aragonite.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein: the water isdrinking water for use in a residential property.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein: the water treated by the spectral energy has an atleast two-fold lower interfacial tension as compared to the same waternot treated by the spectral energy.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein:the infrared energy is near-infrared energy.
 21. A method, comprising:transmitting an appropriate spectral energy pattern into a water sourceto form a treated water source; heating the treated water source suchthat the heated treated water source forms steam; and guiding thegenerated steam to perform work, wherein the work results in thegeneration of electricity.
 22. A water heater comprising: an input waterpipe for delivering water to the water heater; and a band-pass filterconfigured on the input water pipe; wherein: the band-pass filtertransmits a spectral energy to the water as it flows through the inputwater pipe.